非洲菊切花保鲜剂的研究

本文研究由蔗糖、硝酸银、8-HQ(8-羟基喹啉)配制的不同保鲜剂对非洲菊切花插瓶寿命、水分平衡、鲜重变化及观赏值等指标的影响。结果表明：4％蔗糖 200mg／L硝酸银 200mg／L硫酸铝 320mg／L8-HQ的保鲜效果最好。     

转基因植物对环境生态平衡的影响

根据近年来国内外关于转基因植物的研究进展,结合维持生态平衡的3个主要因素,即物种组成、环境因素及信息系统,论述转基因植物对环境生态平衡的影响.     

不同N源对兴安落叶松苗木生长,养分吸收及离子平衡的影响(英文)

本文研究了不同N源对落叶松苗木干物重、养分吸收及离子平衡的影响。结果表明:施铵态N的苗木干物重小于对照处理;施硝铵态N的苗木生长与对照和施硝态N的苗木差别不大,但较施铵态N的苗木生长要好。铵态N与硝铵态N处理苗木地上部的阳离子总浓度受N水平的影响很小,而硝态N处理时则阳离子浓度增加;各处理对地上部阴离子浓度的影响均不大。在根部除硫酸根与钙离子外,阳离子与阴离子浓度均变化不大。硝态N处理的苗木具有较高的C-A值;△(C-A)/△Norg值在硝态N处理的苗木中随N供应量的增加而略有变化,但铵态N处理则明显下降;硝铵态N处理苗木的△(C-A)/△Norg值界于铵态N处理与硝态N处理之间。     

Comparative water use by dryland trees in Parklands in Senegal

Despite the clear evidence of competition for water between trees and crops, there have been very few studies comparing simultaneous water use by differing tree species in drylands. Comparative water use by dryland trees was measured in Senegal using heat balance gauges at the end of the wet season and in the dry season. Significant differences between tree species were found for maximum rates of water use per unit leaf area. Indigenous species may be better adapted to the dry environment than exotic species but the indigenous species Acacia seyal Del. used more water per unit leaf area than all other species. The exotic species Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. consistently used less water per unit leaf area than most other species. There were significant differences in amounts of water used per unit leaf area by differing provenances of the same tree species. Water use in the dry season varied by a factor of three between two provenances of Acacia aneura F. Muell ex Benth. indicating potential to select provenances for drylands based on their water use characteristics. Absolute rates of water use as well as differences in sapflow between species were greatest when soils were moist suggesting that comparative sapflow studies will be most informative when carried out during the wet season. Water use rankings of the differing tree species were broadly maintained irrespective of season.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤-植被系统演变对生物防沙工程的影响

包兰铁路横穿腾格里沙漠的沙坡头段 ,全长近 5 0km ,这里年降水量 186mm ,流动沙丘相对高度 2 0m以上 ,以 4m·a- 1 的速度向东南方向移动。无灌溉条件下、工程措施与生物措施相结合的防沙固沙工程体系始建于195 6年 ,近半个世纪以来该体系确保了包兰铁路的畅通无阻 ,累计经济效益逾百亿人民币。虽然当初的建设者充分考虑了耐旱的乡土树种、有效的工程固沙系统 ,但很难想到几十年后的土壤 -植被系统的演变会危及整个防护体系的稳定性。植被在从人工系统向自然系统的演变中经历了覆盖度从增加到减少的自疏过程、从灌木到半灌木到草本的变化 ,其降低风速和防风的功能减弱 ;土壤从流动风沙土发育成钙积旱成土 ,地表生物结皮发育 ,增加了表土的抗风蚀的能力 ;土壤 -植被系统的演变使得降水在生态系统中的再分配过程已经彻底改变 ,并由于防护林体系配置不完善 ,在 5 0～ 5 0 0cm的土层深度一个生物成因的干旱层逐渐形成 ,新的水分平衡格局明显威胁到现有的防风固沙体系。     

A split-root apparatus for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the water status of neighbouring crops

We describe a split-root system for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on crop growth. In this system, upper lateral tree roots were grown in a container set on the ground through which the taproot of the tree could penetrate into the moist soil below. The container, with a radius of 0.5 m and a height of 0.20 m, consisted of two compartments divided by a waterproof barrier. A markhamia tree (Markhamia lutea (Benth.) Schumann) and upland rice (Oryza sativa (L.)) plants were planted in one compartment, with only rice plants planted in the other compartment. Irrigation of the container was ceased at the start of the experiment. The stomatal conductance of the rice plants in the associated side, in which both trees and rice plants were grown, declined more rapidly during the first drying period than in the rice-only compartment, suggesting that there was competition for water between the tree and the crop plants. However, during the later drying period, the rice plants in the associated side were green and viable, while those in the rice-only side became desiccated. Rice roots were seen intermingling with tree roots, and the soil water content in the associated site tended to be higher than in the rice-only side. It is likely that hydraulic lift occurred in the associated side and that water that had been transferred to the surface roots was released into the soil, enabling the rice plants in this compartment to remain viable. This novel system is useful for examination of the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the growth of neighbouring crops. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.     

质量平衡法估测树干呼吸的理论与应用

介绍质量平衡法的理论、估测方法及其应用,并对其进行评价.质量平衡理论认为:一段树干组织产生的CO2,应该是CO2通量的总和,包括通过树皮向外扩散的CO2释放通量、该段树干液流中的CO2运输通量(流入和流出液流的CO2浓度之差)及液流中的CO2储存通量(液流中CO2浓度在时间上的变化量).应用质量平衡法测定树干呼吸的关键是要估测树干内部的CO2通量,即液流中CO2的储存、运输和扩散.对于液流中CO2的估测主要有2种方法:1)用仪器直接测定木质部液流中的CO2浓度;2)通过测定树干液流停止流动或相对很低时(夜间)树干的CO2释放通量与液流流动时(白天)树干CO2释放通量的差值,间接估测木质部液流中CO2浓度.质量平衡方法提供了一个更为精确地估测木本组织呼吸的方法,其结果更为合理.     

渔场鱼量模型的建立

微分方程的平衡点可分为稳定和不稳定两种。当轻轻扰动平衡点时，系统状态就会剧烈变化。若新的状态决不会回到原平衡点，此点就是不稳定的；相反，如果一个系统在稳定平衡点附近受到干扰，它总是企图回到平衡点，那么此点就是稳定的。用这一数学工具可以解决诸如渔场鱼量等一系列实际问题。     

隔膜计量泵的改良设计与汽蚀性能的提高

针对应用于石油化工装置上的进口隔膜计量泵容易产生的汽蚀问题，对隔膜泵复合隔膜、柱塞密封副、液压平衡与补偿阀结构进行了改良设计，采用较大承载能力的机座、独特阶梯式活塞、加大直径的活塞、PTFE＋NBR复合隔膜，改良放气安全阀及油浸没式补偿系统等方法，提高了隔膜计量泵的汽蚀性能；通过对改造的隔膜计量泵与原有的计量泵进行的汽蚀试验对比，给出了隔膜计量泵性能与现场使用的最佳匹配工况。改良的结构设计和新型材料的选用大大提高了计量泵的汽蚀性能。